EU–Cuba bilateral cooperation: Challenges and opportunities

Despite being a constant battleground since bilateral relations were established, EU–Cuba cooperation has managed to avoid some of the risks predicted after the signing of the Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement (PDCA). And yet, it faces several threats and multiple challenges: an unfavourable international context; the internal situation in Cuba, exacerbated by COVID-19; and the reactions of the EU institutions, particularly the European Parliament (EP). But there are also opportunities – cooperation has increased, along with Cuba’s needs and the EU’s commitment. Ultimately, cooperation, which has coexisted with conflict throughout EU–Cuba relations, must prevail.